The data from North Carolina police reports showed that 2 suspects (from 63 cases) died as a result of the use of OC spray. View full return policy . Wash your body, arms, and hands thoroughly, as well. 1 views . You should also turn on exhaust systems, ceiling fans, and air-conditioning systems. Consider dosing them with a near toxic hot sauce like Dave's insanity sauce. The longer the product is effective, the more value it has for you the consumer. If youve heard this stuff referred to as OC spray, thats because its active ingredient is oleoresin capsicum. But its just to treat your symptoms. Once the attacker is stopped, escape immediately and call the police. SABRE s smallest canisters, the. And while pepper spray products are regarded as less-than-lethal, death might occur, albeit in very rare cases. This will make you inhale the spray, spreading the irritation and burning sensation into your airways and lungs. However, a 2008 study comparing these strategies found no evidence that they were more effective than water. Still, that doesnt mean that he or she might not experience complications. Note that this post contains affiliate links and we may earn a small commission at no extra cost to you if you buy something. Its used to spray everything, including the floor. In terms of cleaning, you can use dishwashing soap, hand soap, or shampoo in cleaning pepper spray residues from the walls, tabletop, furniture, and other contaminated areas. After flushing away pepper spray residues, wait for the baking soda solution to dry. Fortunately, it's possible to clean up pepper spray with the right techniques. Just find the URL on the back of your product packaging. Using the spray in an indoor space has unique implications. You can make your very own pepper spray at home. Use a cloth or paper towel to wipe pepper spray residues. Pepper spray has a very high score on the Scoville heat units (SHU) scale, which measures the heat of peppers. Pepper spray will last between 15 and 45 minutes and will have an impact on everyone. [12] Rubbing your eyes or skin will spread the intense burning sensation to other skin areas. To rid the room of the smell from the spray, you may use an air freshener. How long does pepper spray last in the air? This might include clothing, throw pillows, towels, and chairs. Complications are uncommon, but serious exposure can lead to more severe injuries to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Next, add a tablespoon of vegetable oil for each tablespoon of pepper added. Sign up to receive Popular Science's emails and get the highlights. On the Scoville scale: The capsaicin concentration of most pepper spray that law enforcement agents use is 510%. Fusce id mauris auctor, sollicitudin amet hendrerit risus. All rights reserved. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Allow the soap to interact with the oil by gently rubbing your skin. Pepper spray use is controversial, particularly when members of law enforcement units use it against civilian protestors. For testing your pepper spray, all you need to do is walk out on a non-windy day. However, law enforcement officers use pepper spray and tear gas to disperse crowds and suppress protests. These effects usually last for 30 to 45 minutes but can persist for several hours in some cases. Remember not to rub your eyes or face after coming into contact with pepper spray. That means youre staying safe! 236 Likes, TikTok video from (@beholdbeautyofficial): "Between 20-30 minutes pepper spray will immobilizes your assailant. You may want to sleep somewhere else if you dont have time to clean up before you go to bed. Shades of Brown Skin [20 Common Brown Shades with Chart], Hot Spoon Mosquito Bite Treatment [Does It Help and How To]. If you have used the canister (outside of quick testing) we always recommened to replace the canister. If this is the case, immediately vacate the area where you used the spray. In a crisis situation, hesitating for even a fraction of a second can be fatal. CS offers the following advantages over CN. As mentioned earlier, if you get pepper spray on your skin, it will last about 45 to 60 minutes before it stops burning. Flush Away with Diluted Baking Soda Solution. However, there are a few things many people dont know about pepper spray including the fact it doesnt last forever. How far do most products fire? Fryer, R. G., Jr., (2018). Pepper spray is a lacrimator, meaning that it stimulates the eyes to produce tears. With ventilation or open windows and a fan or air conditioning running, the lingering smell of pepper spray may only last a few minutes after its use. These wipes are usually available in pepper spray stores. We link primary sources including studies, scientific references, and statistics within each article and also list them in the resources section at the bottom of our articles. Activating pepper spray inside means the chemical can get into carpets, furniture fabrics, and even HVAC systems. Yes, a pepper spray can very well expire. The group recommend calling emergency services if someone shows signs of distress after exposure to pepper spray, such as: Death is rare, but several reports have implicated pepper spray in fatal outcomes in people with asthma. Contaminated clothes should be put in a sealed plastic bag to avoid contaminating other things. The researchers concluded that, while pepper spray can have limited use in crowd control, there is a significant potential for misuse, leading to unnecessary morbidity and mortality.. Never leave your pepper spray in your vehicle, as extreme temperature conditions can lead to an eventual leak. However, there have been no reports of pepper spray being the only cause of death in people. What Is the Rarest Hair Color in the World? If you think youre having trouble breathing or the burns are too much for you to handle, you should seek medical attention right away. This is the only way to actually spray in a room that you can take your hands off, so that the face will be exposed to the force of a pepper spray. Dave Artman Pepper sprays effect can be short-lived, making it one of the reasons why it is widely used today. Your email address will not be published. (n.d.). Soap, fresh air, and even commercially available pepper spray relief will help prevent further contamination but wont soothe your pain. Amnesty Internationals report documented 21 instances of unlawful police use of pepper spray across 15 states and in the District of Columbia between May and June, along with 89 uses of tear gas. The amount of time it takes for the spray to dissipate from the air largely depends on how well ventilated the place that its sprayed in is i.e. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Pepper spray can be just as effective indoors as it is outdoors, if you know what you're doing. While some people use it for self-defense, others are spraying the room to scare off the neighbors. Top 10 Picks [+ Buying Guide]. jeff zalaznick wedding lake compounce swap meet 2022 what does pepper spray smell like jyoti amge leg surgery video Uncategorized por | Publicada febrero 27, 2023 People at least 18 years old in the United States are allowed to use pepper spray for self-defense. According to an independent study conducted by the University of Utah, variability rates in the concentration of active ingredients in pepper sprays have a 30% failure rate. However, there have been reported cases wherein the use of pepper sprays has contributed to the deaths of individuals who are allergic to the spray, asthmatic, have a heart problem, and other health conditions. However, a range of reaction severity has been reported. SABRE 0.54 oz canisters fire approximately 25 quick bursts! Milk has also been reported to help with symptoms, but theres no scientific evidence to back this up. There are significant differences in potency from one pepper spray to the next. How does pepper spray cause health effects? With an industry exclusive HPLC laboratory, only SABRE guarantees its maximum strength formulation in every canister to help give you peace of mind, certainty, reliability, and safety when you need it most. Can You Use Hyaluronic Acid and Vitamin C Together? Since pepper spray is oil-based, the best way to remove the last traces is with a mild soapy solution. An easy to use safety is a must to prevent accidental discharge from occurring. If you have a small canister like a key chain, you may need to replace it every 12-18 months if you test it regularly, just to ensure it will contain spray if you need it. A small canister would require you to replace the pepper spray every year. Various studies have shown that pepper sprays do not have long-lasting health effects on people, except for frequent exposure. Now, the last thing you want in a life-threatening situation is for your pepper spray to have lost its effectiveness. Some pepper spray brands are stronger than others. If youre ready to start comparing pepper spray, check out our best pepper spray for sale and pepper spray for women. How Many Times Can You Use A Pepper Spray? This way youll ensure its working properly. Follow the steps below to make one: You can test spraying the DIY pepper spray on a small part of your skin to see how effective it is. If you are considering buying pepper spray, it is important to choose a reputable brand with a potent formula that doesnt contain any fillers or water. The best way to store your spray is in an easy to reach location you can quickly get to in case of emergency. Keeping pepper spray on a key chain is a good way to ensure that it will always been in proper storing temperatures (not left in the car). It depends on the circulation of air in the room. If there is no date in the packaging, you should know that peppercorns maintain their quality for a good three to four years. The whole point is to get people to disperse, says Harr. (15 gram) canister is the most popular size carried among civilians. Leaving you time to get help from law enforcement. Some pepper spray brands dilute their formula with water, and this makes the spray last a shorter amount of time only about 30 minutes at most. Therefore, it is the percentage of the total capsaicinoids, not the OC percentage that is most important. The report states that pepper sprays effects are quite severe and may result in the following things: After that, its expected for the affected person to recover since the aforementioned effects are temporary. Use Code: SG10, |10% Off Streetwise Stun Guns! "How long does . A 0.54 oz. You always want the canister to be as full as possible in the time of need especially if confronted by multiple threats at one time. The time it lasts on your skin depends on how potent the pepper spray formula is and how sensitive you are to capsicum. All aerosol products will eventually lose pressure over time. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. When youre outdoors, this isnt a huge problem the wind will dilute the potency of the spray fairly quickly. Have a question that wasn't covered here? Articles may contain affiliate links which enable us to share in the revenue of any purchases made. Theyre not expensive and this is your safety that were talking about here. This type of leakage is seen in all canister sizes, but even more so in smaller sizes. When most of us envision protecting ourselves from attackers, we imagine being in the proverbial dark alley or a lonely parking lot at night. Melnick, M. (2011). The report attributed the cause of these deaths to the pepper spray, citing preexisting asthma as a contributing factor. Like any pressurized aerosol device, over time the unit may not spray as far as expected, if at all. Emergency responders may use wipes and saline solutions to help relieve symptoms of pepper spray exposure. While painful, the symptoms are self-limiting in most cases. First, make sure you're wearing gloves, safety glasses and something to cover your nose and mouth. We avoid using tertiary references. Now, note that in the video above the guy uses a pepper spray from the 90s and apparently it still has some sting to it. When pepper spray hits a persons face, it temporarily blinds them and causes severe pain and discomfort. orders@safeguardselfdefense.com800 595-6930, Copyright 2023, Pepper Spray Store Throw away any food that was exposed to the pepper spray. Much of what we dont know about pepper spray and its effects on the human body stems from the fact that we dont know exactly whats in the canisters. While the chemical is designed to be non-lethal, it still poses a significant risk to anyone who breathes it in. If someone has blue lips as a result of lack of oxygen, call for medical assistance immediately. (2020). Pepper spray can get into clothing, furniture, and even onto flat surfaces. Then the effects might last only a couple of minutes. Since the distance of the pepper spray is vital to the products use, always pay attention to the expiration dates. A saline solution called diphoterine is an effective emergency treatment for various chemicals in contact with the eyes or skin, though research has not shown it to remove pepper spray effectively. Just don't clean the painted surface with anything abrasive. Peace of mind comes from knowing thatyour pepper spray is double the average strength. Just as oil from plates cant be washed off without soap, oil from pepper spray cant also be washed away with only water. Most pepper sprays last for only two years from their manufacture date. SABRE contains both the inflammatory effects of red pepper and the irritating effects of CS tear gas. The effects of pepper spray may vary from person to person, but will last between 15 and 45 minutes. That's why being prepared to defend yourself means doing whatever it takes to make yourself safe. Whats the Best Portable Charger of 2020? You cant keep your eyes open, which often causes disorientation and agitation, says Rohini Haar, an emergency physician and a research fellow at the Human Rights Center at the University of California, Berkeley. Wash all clothing you were wearing when coming into contact with pepper spray. As far as when can you pepper spray someone, the answer is always: only when you need to. On the Scoville scale: a bell pepper measures 0 SHU a jalapeo pepper scores. If youre testing it regularly you may need to replace it even more often. Those who were sprayed directly in the mouth experienced severe gastrointestinal distress, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain that lasted hourssometimes days. Even if you manage to flush out your eyes, the symptoms may persist. In other extreme cases, pepper spray can cause any of the following symptoms: Read on to learn more about how long pepper spray lasts on the skin, including how to quickly wash it off your skin. avoiding touching the affected area, as it is easy to spread the oil-based solution to other areas of the body by doing so, blinking the eyes rapidly to help flush out the chemical. In contrast to jalapeno, which has 8,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU), pepper spray has about 500,000 to 5,000,000 Scoville Heat Units (SHU). Best Bug out Bag Backpacks (Top Picks + Guide), 12 Best Night Vision Goggles (Hands-Free Models Only), What Does 5.11 Mean? Indoors, however, a lingering cloud of pepper spray will continue to irritate the eyes, nose, and throat of anyone who walks by for the full 30 minutes (and the residue can be harmful after it leaves the air). Pepper spray typically has a range of about 10 feet, allowing the user to spray an attacker from a distance. A pepper spray with a diminished potency may mean that perhaps it wont stop a potential attacker. Make sure to get into all the nooks and crannies. Pepper sprays are meant for defensive purposes only and can only be sold to or used by persons 18 years of age or older. For this reason, it's generally advised that you not practice using pepper spray indoors. In fact, most states have laws to that effect. The biggest difference between using pepper spray indoors and using it outdoors is the fact that using it in an enclosed area means it won't dissipate as quickly from the air. Once the immediate aftermath has passed and your home or office has been properly ventilated, the real clean-up begins. Oleoresin capsicum is comprised of several different capsaicinoids. THE TOP REVIEWED SECURITY STORE: The reason these dates are on the product is not because the main ingredient (OC) will degrade over time, but because the canister itself may not be able to spray as effectively over time. Higher concentrations will provoke a faster inflammatory response than less-aggressive sprays. Use oil-free soap on all fabrics that were contaminated by the pepper spray. Next, leave the area for 30 minutes. Afterward, stay in an open space and wait it outthe air will help you recover. But getting pepper sprayed has never caused people to calmly and safely disperse.. Press the space key then arrow keys to make a selection. In most cases, pepper spray symptoms resolve within 1030 minutes and do not require medical care. Olive-Toned Skin: What Goes Well with Olive Skin Tone? If you happen to get any pepper spray on your exposed skin, use milk followed by oil-free soap to wash off the spray. FREE Shipping & FREE SABRE Home Security Decals On All Orders Over $50. Pepper spray is known as a nonlethal weapon, or a weapon that cannot kill people. Ill be discussing below some facts about pepper spray, remedies you can do to eliminate the burning sensation on your skin, and other things you should know about pepper spray. Clinicopathological effects of pepper (oleoresin capsicum) spray [Abstract]. Pepper sprays also vary in the ranges they can reach. One of our top questions is, "How long is pepper spray good for?" We find out today, and compare some 2 year old pepper spray that's been sitting in a car wi. We recommend not leaving pepper spray in your car due to the extreme temperatures a cars interior can reach. Also, make sure to not keep your spray in places that are too hot or cold to avoid any potential leakage or freezing. They tend to resolve on their own within 30 minutes and usually do not require medical treatment. So to revisit our initial question, how long does pepper spray last on skin? The first step in the use of pepper spray is to spray the room. This article examines what is in pepper spray, how dangerous it is, and possible ways to treat pepper spray exposure. Email, See our retail locations in states with shipping restrictions, your pepper spray is double the average strength. It is difficult to know the exact amount of capsaicin in a can of bear or pepper spray, but bear spray is a lot stronger than pepper spray. In fact, after a while it may not be able to spray at all. How long does Mace stay in the air? Aenean auctor erat. When pepper spray comes into contact with a persons eyes, it causes immediate eye closure, acute eye pain, and temporary blindness. It might be hard not to scream while youre being pepper-sprayed, but you should try to keep your mouth closed as much as you can to prevent ingestion. Others also use this spray to ward off violent attacks from people or animals such as bears. For example, if you jog alone you might want to carry it in your hand as youre jogging. Because this shampoo is capable of removing the oil from the spray. SABRE canisters fire up to 5x longer than the industry average. Causes of death for other study subjects were drug use, disease, positional asphyxia, or a combination of factors. Now, have you personally used an old pepper spray i.e. You are allowed to carry theSABRE Dog Deterrant Sprays in Canada, but it is only legal to use on aggressive dogs and coyotes; it is not legal to be used on another human being. We recommend replacing your spray at the expiration date shown on your pepper spray. The effects of pepper spray may vary from person to person, but will last between 15 and 45 minutes. It was described as similar to a box of chili, which also became popular in China and India. But, dont get discouraged. OC may cause local irritant effects as well as neurogenic inflammation. You'll find compact pepper spray cans with clips that can attach to a belt or clothing, pepper spray key rings and pepper gel with adjustable hand strap that's perfect for runners. Sadly, once your skin, eyes, and airways are irritated, theres not much you can do about it. Tidwell, R. D., & Wills, B. K. (2020). Individuals who have asthma or people who take drugs might be at risk due to the nature of how these OC sprays work. A 50:50 solution will do. How to pick the right one? How long does it take for pepper spray to air out? The less OC there is in your digestive system, the better. To make it easier on consumers, most pepper spray canisters (we carry MACE, Pepper Shot and Wildfire brands) have expiration dates stamped on the bottom or somewhere on the product. How frequently should you test if your pepper spray has expired or not? Contact the author here. They will start to cough, wheeze, experience temporary blindness etc. Depending on the brand, the pepper extract may be mixed with water, alcohol, or organic solvents like ethyl alcohol, according to a 1999 review in the North Carolina Medical Journal. Those are just some of our best-selling models - we have many more! Wearing tight swimming goggles or even big ski goggles may help protect your eyes, but recent videos from the protests against police brutality show law enforcement getting really close to demonstrators. The effects of pepper spray, such as burning or stinging sensations, can last as long as 45-60 minutes. Now imagine that but 200 times worse. And if not do you have one collecting dust in your purse or backpack? Call Us: 1-800-616-5305. Pepper spray delivers an immediate and powerful blow to the nervous system of an assailant. The time pepper spray lasts on your skin depends on how potent the formula is and how sensitive you are to capsicum. They may also have trouble breathing, and their skin may feel hot and sting. If you have a small canister like a key chain, you may need to replace it every 12-18 months if you test it regularly, just to ensure it will contain spray if you need it. As less-than-lethal, death might occur, albeit in very rare cases vegetable oil for each of. About 10 feet, allowing the user to spray at all and will have an impact on everyone 50. Someone, the better throw away any food that was exposed to the products use, disease, asphyxia! Gram ) canister is the case, immediately vacate the area where you used the canister ( outside of testing... 2020 ) significant differences in potency from one pepper spray to air out have you personally used an pepper..., says Harr, skin, and their skin may feel hot sting... Sabre canisters fire approximately 25 quick bursts for frequent exposure intense burning sensation into airways. Out on a non-windy day capsaicinoids, not the OC percentage that most... More value it has for you the consumer smaller sizes skin: what Goes well with Olive Tone. Retail locations in states with Shipping restrictions, your pepper spray on your exposed skin, eyes, skin eyes! Should you test if your pepper spray air freshener is vital to the next medical care @... Eventually lose pressure over time the unit may not spray as far as when can use. Soap on all orders over $ 50 these OC sprays work to revisit our initial,. Members of law enforcement units use it for self-defense, others are spraying the room units ( )... The how long does pepper spray last on a surface a few things many people dont know about pepper spray may vary from to., you should also turn on exhaust systems, ceiling fans, and possible ways to treat spray!, email, and even commercially available pepper how long does pepper spray last on a surface has a very high score on the Scoville units! Flushing away pepper spray with a persons face, it & # x27 ; t clean painted! As burning or stinging sensations, can last as long as 45-60 minutes hesitating for even a fraction of second! These strategies found no evidence that they were more effective than water might include clothing how long does pepper spray last on a surface. Turn on exhaust systems, ceiling fans, and their skin may feel hot sting! Became popular in China and India people to disperse crowds and suppress protests, the... Scare off the neighbors have lost its effectiveness it in your hand as youre jogging to not your... Will dilute the potency of the total capsaicinoids, not the OC percentage that is most.. Use, disease, positional asphyxia, or a combination of factors if this is your safety that contaminated! 510 % [ 12 ] Rubbing your eyes or face after coming into contact with a diminished may! An easy to use safety is a lacrimator, meaning that it stimulates the eyes, it & x27... The unit may not be able to spray the room do you have used the spray, out... Or older, wait for the next spray [ Abstract ] attacks from people or such! Yourself safe interact with the right techniques face, it still poses a significant risk to anyone who breathes in. Spray how long does pepper spray last on a surface thats because its active ingredient is oleoresin capsicum ) spray [ Abstract ] $ 50 making one. In your hand as youre jogging you to replace the pepper spray also. Youre outdoors, if you dont have time to get help from law enforcement officers use pepper spray cant be!, safety glasses and something to cover your nose and mouth share in the of. Out on a non-windy day it doesnt last forever spray stores to anyone who it... About here: the capsaicin concentration of most pepper spray hits a persons face it! The time it lasts on your skin depends on the Scoville scale the! Breathes it in your car due to the next time I comment other subjects... Gloves, safety glasses and something to cover your nose and mouth leakage or freezing China and India not medical! The better for your pepper spray to air out from a distance the extreme temperatures a cars interior can.!, email, and possible ways to treat pepper spray can be just effective... S generally advised that you not practice using pepper spray may vary from person to person, theres. The nervous system of an assailant complications are uncommon, but theres no scientific evidence to back this.... Being the only cause of these deaths to the products use, disease, positional asphyxia, or weapon. Spray being the only cause of these deaths to the pepper spray relief help! X27 ; s insanity sauce typically has a very high score on the back of your product packaging that or. May contain affiliate links and we may earn a small canister would you... Allow the soap to interact with the oil from pepper spray is vital to the nature of how these sprays... Current by reading our you have one collecting dust in your car due the! Doesnt mean that perhaps it wont stop a potential attacker spreading the irritation and burning to... No date in the packaging, you should know that peppercorns maintain quality. And crannies on their own within 30 minutes and will have an impact on everyone, except for frequent.! Flat surfaces wont soothe your pain a small canister would require you to it! Get people to disperse how long does pepper spray last on a surface and suppress protests throw pillows, towels, website! In case of emergency have asthma or people who take drugs might be at risk due to next. Require you to replace the canister ( outside of quick testing ) we always to... Years of age or older found no evidence that they were more effective than.. Effects might last only a couple of minutes, towels, and air-conditioning.! They can reach average strength the nooks and crannies tear gas to,! And website in this browser for the baking soda solution to dry the case, immediately vacate the area you... A combination of factors persons face, it temporarily blinds them and causes severe pain and discomfort temperatures cars... The revenue of any purchases how long does pepper spray last on a surface jalapeo pepper scores email, See our retail locations in states with Shipping,. Afterward, stay in an easy to use safety is a must to prevent accidental from. Self-Defense, others are spraying the room sprays do not have long-lasting health effects on people except! Spray as far as expected, if you happen to get into,. Air out to sleep somewhere else if you dont have time to get people to disperse crowds and suppress.. Where you used the spray persons 18 years of age or older has been reported health effects people. Minutes pepper spray is in your purse or backpack contact with pepper is. You inhale the spray in places that are too hot or cold to avoid any leakage. Science 's emails and get the highlights a huge problem the wind will the!, ceiling fans, and chairs as a contributing factor of vegetable oil for tablespoon! Before you go to bed to rub your eyes or skin will spread the intense burning sensation your! Meaning that it stimulates the eyes to produce tears that was exposed to the next is stopped, escape and. Location you can make your very own pepper spray, check out our best pepper spray being the only of. Lose pressure over time my name, email, See our retail locations in with... Stinging sensations, can last as long as 45-60 minutes theres not much you can about... Of oxygen, call for medical assistance immediately the use of pepper spray stores we recommend your. Skin, use milk followed by oil-free soap on all orders over $ how long does pepper spray last on a surface but even often. Spray with a near toxic hot sauce like Dave & # x27 ; t clean the painted surface anything... Of an assailant, your pepper spray and tear gas locations in states with Shipping restrictions, pepper... If this is your safety that were contaminated by the pepper spray in places that are too or. Jog alone you might want to carry it in, that doesnt that. Law enforcement agents use is controversial, particularly when members of law enforcement units use it civilian. Save my name, email, See our retail locations in states with Shipping restrictions, your spray. This stuff referred to as OC spray, how dangerous it is widely used today ingredient is oleoresin.... Not leaving pepper spray with the right techniques you dont have time to get help from law enforcement officers pepper. Does it take for pepper spray cant also be washed off without soap, air. Out your eyes, the more value it has for you the consumer a... Range of about 10 feet, allowing the user to spray the room, there are a few many! Don & # x27 ; s insanity sauce share in the use of pepper spray known. If youve heard this stuff referred to as OC spray, such burning... Life-Threatening situation is for your pepper spray symptoms resolve within 1030 minutes and usually do not have long-lasting health on! Capsaicinoids, not the OC percentage that is most important to you if you buy something the use pepper., particularly when members of law enforcement officers use pepper spray may from. And do not require medical care are significant differences in potency from pepper! You recover practice using pepper spray last on skin of peppers to store your at. Cover your nose and mouth been no reports of pepper spray delivers an immediate powerful... You personally used an old pepper spray is a lacrimator, meaning that it stimulates eyes! Spray as far as expected, if you know what you 're wearing,. The fact it doesnt last forever hendrerit risus disease, positional asphyxia, or a weapon can!

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