Furthermore, by 1814, Napoleons troops retreated from Spain, and Ferdinand VII returned to power. Americans and the French, Bolvar led the. A strongly rooted force can only correct this weakness. Our piece is an opportunity to challenge future attempts by the Venezuelan government with its self-proclaimed Bolivarian Revolution- to expand the uncritical hero-worship of Simon Bolivars memory as an instrument of self-national aggrandizement.1. Originally published in 1923, as part of the Cambridge Plain Texts series, this volume contains the complete text of Simn Bolvar's address before the Venezuelan Congress at Angostura on February 15, 1819. Chodor, T. 2014. The address is presented in Spanish with a short editorial introduction in English. For, his intellectual and political legacy is a mixed bag. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, vol. In 2010, in the backdrop of a wave of left-wing, populists and nationalists governments that have been swept into power in what some refer to as the Pink Tide (Chodor 2014), many Latin American countries (most notably Venezuela, Peru and Argentina) held massive celebrations for the 200th anniversary of the beginning of independence from Spain. The executive power, consisting of two consuls, had the same flaw as Sparta. In it, from this moment, national sovereignty is centred. Bolivar was a great man of action and an important thinker, but he was still flawed in many regards. The wording is unmistakably reminiscent of Benthams philosophy, and indeed, the English philosopher was a major influence on Bolivars political thinking. Precisely because no form of government is so weak as the democratic, its framework must be firmer, and its institutions must be studied to determine their degree of stabilityunless this is done, we will have to reckon with an ungovernable, tumultuous, and anarchic society, not with a social order where happiness, peace, and justice prevail. Yet, Bolivars point is that Spanish imperialism is even worse than Oriental despotism, inasmuch as the control exercised by the Spanish Crown is even tighter than in Eastern societies. Ambition and intrigue abuses the credulity and experience of men lacking all political, economic, and civic knowledge; they adopt pure illusion as reality; they take license for liberty, treachery for patriotism, and vengeance for justice. The morality of slavery was by no means a settled debate during the time of the Angostura Address. But, regardless of the effectiveness of this form of government with respect to North America, I must say that it has never for a moment entered my mind to compare the position and character of two states as dissimilar as the English-American and the Spanish-American. The population in the Americas was far greater than the population in the Iberian Peninsula, yet, only a minority of deputies posts were assigned to representatives of the American territories. 2018 Freedom of Speech Index. To get his point across, Bolivar returns to the question of cultural identity in the Angostura Address, but adds an interesting remark about Spain: Let us bear in mind that our population is neither European nor North American, but are closer to a blend of Africa and America than they are to Europe, for even Spain herself is not strictly European due to its African blood, institutions and character (Bolivar 1819). Madrid: Planeta. All should not be left to chance and the outcome of elections. Carlos Marx y Simn Bolvar: Apunte sobre el liderazgo autoritario en un movimiento de liberacin nacional. Desarrollo Econmico, 8(30/31): 293311. Draper, H. 1968. In an oft-quoted passage of the Angostura Address, he argues: The continuation of authority in the same individual has frequently proved the ruin of democratic governments. It should be strongly proportioned to meet the resistance, which the executive must expect from the legislature, from the judiciary, and from the people of a republic. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. The enforcement of public morality has repeatedly been associated with authoritarian regimes. Venezuelans were by no means unanimous in their desire to be independent and consequently a bloody civil war began. of History, Cal. Bolivar acknowledged that federal forms of government were theoretically virtuous, and that democratic systems of checks and balances were to be emulated. The British executive power possesses all the authority properly appertaining to a sovereign, but a triple line of dams, barriers, and stockades surrounds him. Liberty has been its cradle, it has grown up in liberty, and it is maintained by pure liberty. Devoted to the government because of a natural interest in its own preservation, a hereditary senate would always oppose any attempt on the part of the people to infringe upon the jurisdiction and authority of their magistrates . Bolivars stand on the abolition of monarchy, however, is more problematic. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. years prior to the Congress of Angostura. . But, his concern was, if not legitimate, then at least understandable. 80: Communist Interference in El Salvador, and Response to Stories Published in the Wall Street Journal and the Washington Post, U.S. Department of State and Alexander Haig (1981), Document #12: Testimonies of Guatemalan Women, Luz Alicia Herrera (1980), Chapter 5. Predictably, many of these celebrations were carried out without sufficiently critical and objective approach towards historical data. 1. Despite the confusing nature of some of these arguments, we must not lose sight of the fact that Bolivar was, above all, a man of revolutionary action, and he responded to particular historical circumstances that may have required some necessary measure in the mist of the chaos originated in the civil war that had been going on for almost ten years. 7482. 47, no. The Enlightenment did not reach Spain with the same force as it did in France or Great Britain. This is not to say that Bolivars relationship to people of African descent was totally harmonious. Silencios y disputas en la historia de Hispanoamerica. In the midst of the battles for independence, Bolvar summoned a congress in the city of Angostura to reassert New Granadas autonomy and to install a political system that he believed would be capable of sustaining a new republic. Maistre, J. The Viceroyalty of New Granadawhich included present-day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and parts of Ecuadorachieved independence from the Spanish Empire in a slow and uneven process. Proyecto de Constitucion para la Republica de Bolivia y discurso del Libertador al Congreso Constituyente de Bolivia. Download date: August 25th, 2018. In the speech, Bolvar lays the foundations for the establishment of democratically governed Gran Colombia that is free from the burden of slavery and racial inequality. Caracas: Alfa. He failed miserably, the Republic collapsed, and after guaranteeing his own freedom by turning against Francisco de Miranda he managed to flee into exile (Paredes 2015). As our role has always been strictly passive and political existence nil, we find that our quest for liberty is now even more difficult of accomplishment; for we, having been placed in a state lower than slavery, had been robbed not only of our freedom but also of the right to exercise an active domestic tyranny . There can be multiple answers to this question: These sources both signify a change in attitude with the people of each nation. In the context of early 19th Century Venezuela, this was a major accomplishment. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0034670500001534, Andrade, G. and Lugo-Ocando, J., 2018. Throughout his lifetime, Bolivar was concerned with public morality, and perhaps his most quoted words by Colombian and Venezuelan schoolchildren, come from the Angostura Address: Morals and knowledge are what we most need now (Bolivar 1819). He makes his first point very quickly in the first sentence, "We are not Europeans.Americans by birth and Europeans by law." Yale University Press. From there he would go to occupy modern-day Ecuador and unite the current territories of Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela into a single political entity; it was known as the Gran Colombia, with Bogota as its capital. After some military action in New Grenada (modern-day Colombia), Bolivar returned to Venezuela in 1812 and after a remarkable series of military triumphs he managed to recapture the capital Caracas (Lopez and Lopez 1999). Again, Bolivar does not make it sufficiently clear. Bolivar, S. 1830. However, he implores his audience of 26 representatives to take into account social realities of the former Viceroyalty when writing a new constitution. Under the flags of freedom: slave soldiers and the wars of independence in Spanish South America. However, a very strong point of contention in the Cadiz Cortes, was the demographic balance in the representation of deputies. But, even in the Angostura Address itself, Bolivar seemed to be very enthusiastic about strong governments with little distribution of power, as this passage makes clear: The Roman Constitution brought about the greatest power and fortune that any people on earth have enjoyed. Carta a Francisco de Paula Santander. Angostura (plant), a genus in the family Rutaceae. He ardently defended freedoms, yet he believed that South American nations were not fully prepared for liberal systems. It met from February 15, 1819, established the new independent-from-Spain nation on December 17, was interrupted by further independentist activity, and reconvened on July 31, 1821, when . What republic has exceeded in duration those of Sparta and Venice? When it came to liberty, Rousseau himself had some qualms about how truly liberal a State should be, to the point that he claimed in an oft-quoted phrase from The Social Contract, that subjects should be forced to be free (Roberts 2012: 117). Death and Money in the Afternoon: A History of the Spanish Bullfight. In that Constitution, it was made clear that Spain would have equal citizens on both sides of the Atlantic. Once again, Bolivar had to flee. These subordinate officers are entrusted with the civil, military, and political administration, the collection of duties and the protection of religion. Iberoamericana Nordic Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies. El culto a Bolivar: Esbozo para un estudio de la historia de las ideas en Venezuela. Indeed, he was, but even more so from an intellectual point of view. It was only the chaos of post-colonial South American politics, which drove him towards an increasingly authoritarian approach. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. Introduction to Political Thought. However, this juncture would be rapidly embraced by radicals as an opportunity to proclaim independence from Spain in 1811 under the argument that they would not bow to an illegitimate French King. How, exactly, does the potential for abuse in a monarchy justify the expansion of executive power in a republic? ; I am even aware, thanks to Montesquieu, that one can be a Persian. The Congress of Angostura is considered Venezuela's second legislative congress, the first being the one that met in 1811. To fully grasp the most brilliant thought of the time, some basic context is required. An Address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819) Reprint Ordered by the Government of the United States of Venezuela, to Commemorate the Centennial of the Opening of the Congress (tr. Scanned by: J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. Pablo Morillo and Venezuela, 18151820. The 1999 Constitution articulated a so-called Citizen Power designated by a Republican Moral Council, based on Bolivars original purpose of regulating public morality. . Document #41: "Address at a White House Reception for Members of Congress and for the Diplomatic Corps of the Latin American Republics," John F. Kennedy (1961) Discussion Questions; Further Reading; Chapter 16. There, he Unfortunately, again, Bolivars reasoning is very confusing; as every critic of the House of Lords or any other hereditary office reminds us, such an institution is precisely the foundation for a nobility. He was a high-spirited revolutionary, but he understood the dangers of uncontrolled rage and racial vengeance. Bogota: Random House. 2003. June 13, 1821. In most cases, these celebrations served the political purpose of legitimating the parties in power that organized the festivities and appropriating nationalists sentiments that could help boost popular support. His choice of admiration for an ancient Greek city, reveals his militaristic tendency in the Angostura Address: The Republic of Sparta produced more real effects than Solons ingenious creation, even though it seemed a chimerical invention at first. How is everything conspiring against the executive power in a republic? The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. Geographies of Philological Knowledge: Postcoloniality and the Trasatlantic National Epic. Throughout his post-colonial critique of Orientalists, Edward Said (2006) has documented how 19th Century Western scholars portrayed the East as some sort of mysterious place ruled by despots, mainly as a way to contrast the virtues of Western Enlightenment. Simn Bolvar, el culto heroico y la nacin. Hispanic American Historical Review, 107145. This is his explanation in the Angostura Address: Nevertheless, the North American people are a singular example of political virtue and moral rectitude. Bolivar makes a sophistic gap that leaves careful readers perplexed. and men of philosophical thought (Roscio, Viscardo, etc. Did not the Roman Empire conquer the world? In a sense, Bolivars approach is anti-colonial (let us remember that many aspects of colonialism itself were modeled on the universalism of the Enlightenment), inasmuch as he advises colonized peoples not to necessarily copy Eurocentric models. of History, Cal. Reprint ed., Washington, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919. An Address of Bolvar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819). Despite this, it was still an important event as Bolivar would communicate the basis of his political doctrine. Similar attempts to debunk myth from reality have not been able to play out in the ways that these efforts were originally intended such as the 2015s 200-year commemoration of Bolivars Jamaica Letter. Simon Bolivar was one of the liberators in the time of the revolution in the northern part of South America. What state is more powerful than Great Britain? But, he believed that federalism was not suited for the political culture of Spanish America, Indeed, this is the main thesis of his Cartagena Manifesto, in which he places most of the blame for the collapse of Venezuelas First Republic, on federalism. () Legislators! Yet notwithstanding this deformity, the Roman Republic did not suffer from the disastrous discord which might be expected from a leadership consisting of two individuals, both endowed with a monarchs powers (Bolivar 1819). Bolivar was deeply influenced by the Enlightenment thinkers. Delhi: Penguin Books. Bolivar himself made such a proclaim when arguing: Amidst that sea of woes and afflictions, I was nothing more than the miserable sport of the revolutionary hurricane, driven to and fro like the wild bird of the ocean (Bolivar 1819). In the Angostura Address, Bolivar, typical in his style, praises North American society over and over again: Our legislators were influenced by the provincials, and were carried away by the dazzling appearance of North Americas happiness, thinking that the blessings she enjoyed were owed exclusively to the form of government, and not to the character of the people (Bolivar 1819). Across his address, Bolvar The governments, however, of those nations, were either aristocratic or monarchical (Bolivar 1819). But the key difference is this: the governors of Isfahan are Persians, the viziers of the Great Lord in Turkey are Turks, and the sultans of Tartary are Tartars. He believes that The most perfect system of government is that which produces the greatest degree of happiness, of social security, and political stability (Bolivar 1819). DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427. Latin America in the World Arena, 1990s - Present. 2019 should definitely be a year of celebration, for the Angostura Address is a landmark political document. Castro-Klarn, S. 2003. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade G, Lugo-Ocando J. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. This speech, now known as the Angostura Address, is a prime document in the Bolivarian canon. Bolivar, once again, was a man of the Enlightenment, but on this dispute, he seemed to be more on the side of Counter-Enlightenment figures who believed that the same political recipe could not be applied universally to all nations. The ruling bureaucracy of Oriental despotism: A phenomenon that paralyzed Marx. The Review of Politics, 15(3): 350359. God save Congress! (Bolivar 1819). Slavery is the daughter of darkness: an ignorant people is a blind instrument of its own destruction. One of the main thesis of that classic work of political philosophy, is that American democracy is not only built on a particular form of government and its institutions, but also on the cultural foundations of Americans (Tocqueville 2004). Levenes thesis proposes that the Indies were actually kingdoms with the same legal standing as kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula; the implication is that Bolivars struggle for independence was unjustified. Starting in 1999, Bolivars image was politically used by Hugo Chavezs leftist revolution, and ever since, leftist governments and guerrillas (especially FARC in Colombia) throughout the region have claimed to be followers of Bolivarian thinking. 1. Bolivars choice of despotic governments, once again, reveals that he was a man of his time. In this regard, despite his flaws, he is to be considered one the great men of South American history. House of Angostura, a Trinidad and Tobago company manufacturing angostura bitters. Roberts, P. 2012. Admittedly, Bolivar came late to abolitionist ideals. Document #2: "Address at the Congress of Angostura," Simn Bolvar (1819) Travels in Colonial Latin America; Discussion Questions; Further Reading; Chapter 3. The Angostura Address 200 Years Later: A Critical Reading. We all owe it our obedience and loyalty. He was a spirited combatant of monarchies, yet he insisted on being president for life (i.e., a king without a crown). Our weak and feeble fellow citizens will have to increase in strength of mind in a very great degree, before they can be permitted to digest freedoms wholesome food (Bolivar 1819). from the Original Spanish by Francisco Javier Ynes). Its culminating piece of legislation was the Venezuelan Constitution of 1819, officially adopted on August 15, but quickly made obsolete by the creation of the Republic of Colombia on December 17, 1819. Helg, A. Retrieved from: http://www.archivodellibertador.gob.ve/escritos/buscador/spip.php?article9987. Almost immediately, Bolivar had to confront a revolt lead by Juan Domingo de Monteverde y Rivas (17731832) and Jos Toms Boves (17821814), who lured black slaves, mulatos and indigenous people to swore allegiance to the legitimate Spanish King who by then had been re-stated to the Crown. Bolivar was decidedly on the abolitionist side, and this speaks very well of his moral character. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, Gand J Lugo-Ocando. 2018;47(1):7482. The people are more easily deceived than is Nature perfected by art; and although these senators, it is true, would not be bred in an environment that is all virtue, it is equally true that they would be raised in an atmosphere of enlightened education. Again, Bolivar was certainly a big critic of Spanish imperialism, but he did not seem to mind other empires. From there, with the auspices of President Alexandre Petion (17701818) that included 6.000 soldiers, money and even a print- (Helg 2003), Bolivar returned to Venezuela with a military expedition. Sparta, of course, is the emblem of militarism in Western imagination. Blanchard, P. 2008. Por que no soy bolivariano. Bolivar, a man of the Enlightenment himself, continued this trope, by presenting the Turks, Persians and Chinese, as despotic peoples. Prof. Arkenberg has modernized the text. Latin America in the World Arena, 1800s-1980s, Moments and Events in U.S.-Latin American Relations (1800s-1980s), A History of United States Policy Towards Haiti, Document #46: Human Rights in Latin America: An Interview with Paulo Srgio Pinherio, Luis Muoz Martin: Founding Father of Modern Puerto Rico, Document #37: Monroe Doctrine, James Monroe (1823), Document #38 Abraham Lincoln on the Mexican-American War (1846-48), Document #39: Roosevelt Corollary, Theodore Roosevelt (1904), Document #40: Brazil, the United States and Pan Americanism, Document #35: United Fruit Co., Pablo Neruda (1950), Document #41: Address at a White House Reception for Members of Congress and for the Diplomatic Corps of the Latin American Republics, John F. Kennedy (1961), Chapter 16. Dynamics of Political Transformation, Supplement: Comparative Historical Analysis, Moments and Events of Political Transformation, The Historical and Contemporary Role of Women in Ecuadorian Society, Brazilian Sambas Translation and Dialogue with International Dancesport, Dominican Republic Latin America at the Movies, El Salvador Latin America at the Movies, Chapter 15. In political storms this body would arrest the thunderbolts of the government and would repel any violent popular reaction. In: Lively, J (ed. The creation of a hereditary senate would in no way be a violation of political equality. This bring us to one of our key questions: Had Bolivar already planned to be a perpetual dictator by 1819 and was the Angostura Address paying mere lip service to the principle of alterability in power? University of Chicago Press. 1999. 2015. Indeed, Bolivars stance on the moral power coheres well with his authoritarian leanings. ), The Works of Joseph de Maistre. Reporters Without Borders. Government posts were bought and sold, thus being filled by grossly incompetent administrators. After all, despite his authoritarian inclinations, Bolivar was a man of the Enlightenment, and it is safe to say that he would have been happy with open, frank and critical discussion of ideas, not mindless nationalistic worship. Venezuela: The Perils of Prosperity, Document #23: Address to the United Nations, Hugo Chvez (2006), Document #22: Pact of Punto Fijo, Accin Democrtica, COPEI and Unin Republicana Democrtica (1958), Chapter 9. Scanned by J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. . hold on the North American continent five. Some critics have accussed Bolvar of verbosity. State Fullerton. This may not seem groundbreaking today, but in 1819, it was. In the Angostura Address, Bolivar tries to define Venezuelan national identity, more negatively than positively as he seemed clearer about what Venezuelans were not than what Venezuelans were: We are not Europeans, we are not Indians, but a middle race between the indigenous peoples and the Spaniards (Bolivar 1819). Of course, it would be fallacious to accuse Bolivar of being authoritarian, just because he had authoritarian sympathizers. . But, such celebrations should be devoid of nationalist distortions, and they should be cleansed of the typical hero-worship that has taken place in Latin America for the last 150 years, and has accelerated in Venezuela during the last 20 years. I do not solicit the establishment of a nobility, for as a celebrated republican has said, that would simultaneously destroy equality and liberty. New York: McMillan. Caballero, M. 2006. All three sources reveal patriotic feelings and attitudes towards their own countries. The United States had just solidified their. From: Simn Bolvar, An Address of Bolivar at the Congress of Angostura (February 15, 1819), Reprint Ed., (Washington, D.C.: Press of B. S. Adams, 1919), passim. DOI: http://doi.org/10.16993/iberoamericana.427, Andrade, G., & Lugo-Ocando, J. It would be even more difficult for the laws of North America to be adopted in Venezuela. State Fullerton. While in Rome and inspired by his early contacts with liberal movements in the old continent (Bushnell 2003) he made an oath to free the American countries from Spanish imperialism (Castro-Klaren 2003). This text is part of the Internet Modern History Sourcebook. 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